Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

This paper estimates the current and future distribution of vacant dwellings within municipalities. The number of vacant dwellings - the difference between the numbers of dwellings and households in the region mesh - is estimated using the building point data and the national census. We compare the number of dwellings given in the building point data and in the Housing and Land Survey to have a correct estimation of the number of dwellings. To estimate the number of future vacant dwellings, we calculate the changes in the number of households and compare them with the number of dwellings of the building point data. The results show that in case of the Chiba Prefecture, the vacancy rate may exceed 40% at the eastern coastline of the prefecture and the vacant dwellings are more likely to increase in areas where populations are aging.

DOI： 10.11361/journalcpij.51.833

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-26550116/

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

This paper aims at illustrating the effect of changes of household by household size and building type on energy consumption. Based future structural change forms of household, three possible cases are suggested. 1) Present trend change on architectural form ration of different household sizes; 2) Stays static on architectural form ration of different household sizes; 3) Maintains the same level of architectural form ration of entire household regardless of sizes. Result shows that single-person household rose 60% compares with that of 2010 and there will be an expectation of 0.85% energy reduction according to the movement promotion of household adapting household size. For future, this research will be applied to illustrate impact of additional measurement on residential space restriction which response to energy saving and creation effectiveness from household size to architectural forms.

DOI： 10.11361/journalcpij.50.838

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In this paper, we created a regression equation to calculate the annual emission per capita for each third-order mesh using individual data of household CO₂ statistics survey by MOEJ. This made it possible to show the current per capita emissions from the use of residential and passenger-car by each third-order mesh. Regression formulas were created separately for residential and passenger-car, and the prediction performance was evaluated based on comparisons with emission estimation models from previous studies, using statistics for each prefecture as verification values. By using the regression equation of the hous-ing created in this study and the model for estimating automobile emissions of Chen et al. (2018), the per capita emissions by mesh, which is highly consistent with the statistics by prefecture, can be obtained. The value obtained by adding the emissions per capita the use of residential and passenger-car has many meshes centered around 3t-CO₂, and the ratio of the passenger-car emission to the added value is 15-65%. The result is consistent with the analysis result of each municipality conducted by Matsuhashi et al. (2018).

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.76.6_ii_199

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

The greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets in Japan are 26% reduction by FY 2030 compared to the level in FY 2013, and 80% reduction by 2050. It is required to reduce CO₂ emission drastically from energy consumption of households in order to achieve the targets. On the other hand, diffusion of new energy technologies such as residential photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery electric vehicles (BEV) have a great potential to change energy consumption and contribute to CO₂ emission reduction in household sector.

 Many previous studies on Japan’s mid- and long-term CO₂ emission from energy consumption analyzed the roles of residen-tial PV system or BEV outside of residential sector, and the impacts of such technologies on households’ energy consumption are not taken in account. In this study, a new device-selection model is constructed in order to assess the change of whole energy consumption caused by PV system and BEV in household. In addition, by the difference of household attibution such as house-holds living in detached house or apartment house, CO₂ emission from household is estimated, and feasibility of mid- and long-term CO₂ emission reduction targets is assessed.

 The results of model analysis indicate that it is necessary to decrease the CO₂ emission factor of grid electricity in order to achieve the 2050 target, and it is also required to promote electrification by decreasing city gas, kerosene and gasoline consumption. Residential PV system can increase the electrification rate of households and contribute to CO₂ emission reduction. BEV also have great potential to reduce CO₂ emission of households living in detached house with residential PV system at the same level of that in apartment house.This study concludes that PV and BEV play important roles to reduce CO₂ emission in household.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.76.6_ii_165

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

It is required to change personal behavior and social policy toward a sustainable society. This study aims to survey preferences on personal daily travel modes and social transport policy with the reasons, and analyzes correlation with personal attributions and morals. As a result, it is found that more than 40% are using passenger cars mainly as a daily travel mode, but public transport is chosen by more than 40% as a travel mode to be improved and access to public transport is chosen as a key factor to decide residential location. As for a policy they would promote as a mayor, public transport is supported by over 50% mainly because it is user friendly for everyone. These results imply that such survey makes it easier for government to introduce policy changes. It is also suggested that public transport policy is supported not only for eco-friendly or for potential availability, but also for morals indirectly such as legal conscience and self-conscience.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.74.ii_103

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In this paper, we analyze the possibility of achieving CO₂ resuction target in household sector. Considering regional energy consumption characteristics due to differencesin climate and residence etc, we estimate energy consumption and CO₂ emission by 2050 for each of 5 scenarios using the latest data related with household energy consumption. As a result, it is found that the reduction target of CO₂ emissions in 2030 can be sufficiently attained if the emission coefficient of power decreased to 0.37 kgCO₂/kWh, which is the taeget of the Federation of Electric Power Companies.<br> Regarding 2050, in addition to all the means necessary for reducing CO₂ emissions, such as improving efficiency of equipment, progress of electrification, progress of energy-saving lifestyle, and the emission coefficient of electricity does not decrease to 0.104 kgCO₂/kWh, 2013 It was found that it is difficult to reduce 80% of the year.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.i_121

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/028553398

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Transdisciplinary Federation of Science and Technology  

Information and communications technology (ICT) services have the potential for carbon dioxide
(CO2) emission reduction and economic growth. However, the money or time saved by using ICT services may
increase CO2 emissions, which is called the rebound effect. We developed an integrated model based on the
static computable general equilibrium model to assess the environmental and economic impacts on productive
activation and users’ behavior changes due to ICT services usage. CO2 abatement and increase in the gross domestic
product were estimated with our model.

DOI： 10.11487/oukan.2017.0_c-5-3

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：環境科学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

Increase in the rate of vacant dwellings has become a big social issue. In this study, we clarified the social factors which lead to increase rate of vacant dwellings using multiple regression analysis to estimated rate of vacant dwellings by 2035. The study introduced to use data at local government level, so the output will be available at this level of details. As a result of the estimation, in case that the balance between construction and demolition of dwellings will remains constant, Japan’s average rate of vacant dwellings will be about 20% and the gap of rate of vacant dwellings among prefecture will widen in 2035. In case that this balance will be improved and the increasing rate of vacant dwellings will be 0 in 2023, the average rate of vacant dwellings will be about 13% and the rate of Yamanashi prefecture will be about 16% in 2035.

DOI： 10.11361/journalcpij.50.1017

DOI： 10.2208/jscejipm.77.2_62_references_DOI_Bvnbx1WQLblc1gwqUBeXTxu5v7J

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/026827026

Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

Scenarios approaches are increasingly being used to study sustainable lifestyles and consumption. It is not clear, however, whether conventional scenario approaches, which have been developed for use in business, are applicable to lifestyle research. Scenario approaches must be applied appropriately; to do so, we need a deeper understanding of the approaches as well as the objectives and characteristics of lifestyle studies. In this paper, we reviewed existing literature on scenario approaches and on the application of these approaches to environmental and lifestyle/consumption studies. We distinguished different types of scenario approaches and examined their applicability to lifestyle/consumption studies. Three basic types of applications to lifestyle/consumption studies were identified: seeking followers of a lifestyle, quantification of individual scenarios, and creation of new, futuristic lifestyles. For each type, there is room for methodological improvement, and more knowledge and experiences about conducting the studies are needed to address. We also identified that several common tasks or challenges for future lifestyle studies: various lifestyles need to be described within a realistic capacity of study resources; be aware that the consideration of different values and beliefs could weaken normative aspects that are supposed to be achieved in the future; societal situations should be described in addition to lifestyle considerations; concepts of lifestyles should be clarified in the scenario-writing process; a diverse groups should participate in the scenario-writing process; and more study is needed on how to integrate quantitative and qualitative information into scenarios.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.27.32

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

To realize sustainable society, sustainable lifestyle changes are highly expected. But in real society, it will be difficult that sustainable lifestyle will be led to only because it is important to avoid environment issues, even if there will be many environmental-oriented people in future. When we discuss lifestyle change impact in various environmental scenarios, it is important to understand not only impacts on lifestyle change caused by social and economic changes but also which lifestyles will be mains. In general, lifestyle changes are characterized by individual attribute and household attribute. The object of this paper is to reveal major lifestyle changes in 2030 using major household type and idea generation method. As results, (1) four risks as lifestyle change factor and various principles and intentions in 2030 were identified based on brainstorming; (2) major household types were extracted from household composition in 2010 and 2030; and (3) eight downside lifestyle changes and seven upside lifestyle changes in 2030 were extracted using a constrained idea generation method with a matrix of major household types and four risks and a matrix of principles and intentions, respectively.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.27.302

DOI： 10.5630/jans.40.332_references_DOI_72Ul554souC41eR4QNzo53U0X3L

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/025834650

Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

The share of domestic water within the global water demand is small, yet as it is a basic requirement for human life, it remains absolutely necessary for the sustainability of society. However, due to population growth, urbanization, and changes in life style, demand for domestic water rises drastically, leading to grave concern over water shortage.<BR>This study utilized panel data analysis aiming to develop a global country-wise domestic water demand estimation model. In addition to the connection between income and water demand, the study strove to develop a distinct model that would separate the effects of income and non-economic factors, such as political/social circumstances, lifestyle including specific cultural backgrounds, which were not considered in prior research. As a result, the study succeeded in formularizing: (1) accessibility to tap water, (2) tap water demand by country, and furthermore (3) the amount of water leakage, which poses a problem for the maintenance of water supply facilities.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.26.244

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, JAPAN  

Water use is one of the most basic and essential needs for human survival. The amount of residential water use differs substantially depending on distinct features of various regions and countries. These discrepancies arise due to features such as the amount of precipitation and freshwater resources, the condition of waterworks infrastructure, lifestyle, and the economic level. In this paper, we developed a tool using socio-economic variables (e.g. population size, spread of technology) to help us estimate and project current and future residential water use. We applied this tool to five Asian countries (Japan, China, India, South Korea, and Vietnam) and estimated water use in 2005 and 2050 for each country. As a result, we gained satisfactory estimates for per capita residential water use in 2005 in comparison to other similar researches. The projected data for 2050 showed an increase of 30-50% in per capita residential water use in developing countries. We concluded that water use in developed countries such as Japan and South Korea will decrease due to the spread of water-saving appliances, whereas in developing countries such as China, India and Vietnam water use will increase as a result of population growth and the spread of flush toilets.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj.26.266

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

To clarify energy consumption structure in commerci al sector is one of challenging issues. In commercial sector, energy consumption structure is very complex, because the structure depends on regional development level, industry composition, climate characteristics and energy accessibility. Therefore, we can partly know the structure in detail using survey and statistics. In this study, we used a method to estimate energy consumption and energy service supply using available statistics and references and applied it to commercial sector in world the regions, and estimated energy consumption by energy service and fuel type in 2005.

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.67.ii_363

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Institute of Energy  

Focusing on the residential sector, we can partly know the structure in detail using survey and statistics. In this study, we proposed a method to estimate energy consumption and energy service supply using available statistics and references. We applied this method to Japan's residential sector, and estimated energy consumption by energy end-use devices and fuel type from 1971 to 2002.

DOI： 10.20550/jietaikaiyoushi.18.0_330

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

In this study, we analyzed the effect of household attributes and individual attributes on the environmental load generation using the family income and expenditure survey. Based on this analysis, the Population and household dynamic model and the environmental load generation Bottom-up model reflecting the household attributes and the individual attributes were developed. Using these models, the environmental load generation in Japan from 1985 to 2050 was estimated. The result shows that the past energy consumption changes are strongly affected by the birth-cohort change. The future energy consumption changes are affected by the population change, the household consumption change, and the birth-cohort change.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.35.315

DOI： 10.2208/jscejer.73.i_121_references_DOI_NLq7elu60qXwtTX0xpAHyPTbICO

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

An estimation model of household's waste which is available for local government to make plans of waste management was developed. The mass of household waste is estimated using household's final consumption expenditure, household's attributes, price of goods, and waste conversion rate. The model is a comprehensive multilayered model representing consumption structure. LES (Linier Expenditure System) model is applied to disaggregate the fmal consumption expenditure to expenditures of major consumption categories, and the multinomial logit model is applied to disaggregate the major consumption expenditure to expenditures of intermediate consumption categories, constant rate is used to disaggregate the intermediate consumption expenditure to the expenditures of small categories, and the expenditure disaggregated finally is converted to the mass of corresponding waste category. This model was applied to estimate the waste generation of Kyoto city using the census of household consumption, as a result, effectiveness of the model was proved through evaluating error in the estimation of kitchen garbage.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.35.471

DOI： 10.3107/jesss.4.1_references_DOI_1RVMCTy3DvHFv6GZg2tQtPqcRGi

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：土木学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

One of factors to be changed lifestyles is household composition. Most of consumption expenditure data which can be readily obtained are divided by only one aspect. In this study, we make consumption expenditure data by detailed household type using cross entropy method and consumption expenditure data by family composition, age group of household head and type of tenure of dwelling. And, we estimated amounts of environmental loads by household type and consider relationships between household type and amounts of environmental loads. We applied this method to Japan's household sector for 1987-2002. The study suggests that:(1) family type has a great impact on amounts of environmental loads and (2) about some goods, there are different trends in household head aged 65 years or more because of a specific consumption.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.34.377

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

To consider impact on amounts of environmental load generation by lifestyle changes, it is important to study the relationship among material/monetary inputs to household, household production and generated environmental load. In this study, we developed household economy-environment accounts. These accounts are consists of income expenditure account, input table of household production, capital stock table, table of environmental load generation and environmental load treatment table. We estimated Japn's household economy-environment accounts by household type consistent with the national economic accounts in 2000.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.33.285

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

To deal with a lot of environmental problems, not only technological innovations, but also changes of life style and improvement of social system are necessary. In this study, we developed a model to estimate the impact on household metabolism by the life style change. The model shows relationship between household consumption and generated environmental load under constraint of income budget, material balance, energy balance and time budget. We applied the model to Japan by 2030. We estimated the amount of solid waste, bulky waste, air pollutants, water pollutants, house construction waste from household consumption.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.32.127

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：京都 : 京都大学環境衛生工学研究会  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I6207044

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Civil Engineers  

To deal with municipal waste problems, not only waste treatment but also change of life style and improvement of socio-system are necessary. In this study, from the viewpoint of material balance, a transfer function from goods to domestic waste is modeled. This model is composed of a goods purchase model and a waste release model. The former calculates amount of material input to the house from the purchased amount, and the latter calculates amount of waste at each composition based on material input. In this paper, consumer goods is defined as the goods that becomes waste within a year. Durable-goods is defined as the goods that is kept in houses over a year. Abandonment rate function is considered for durable goods when the durable-goods is abandoned. Container wrapping material is distinguished from the two goods, and the amount of that is estimated using Input-Output table.

DOI： 10.2208/proer.30.333

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