Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Purpose: Despite the long-standing demand for research on dynamic lifecycle assessment (LCA) for policymaking, only a few studies have addressed this subject in conjunction with other systems thinking disciplines, such as energy systems models (ESMs) and integrated assessment models (IAMs), which have achieved tremendous success in assessing climate policies in future scenarios. This study explains our methodological advances in the global application of LCA incorporated in IAMs, specifically dose-response functions, models, and future scenarios. Methods: We investigate the application of the lifecycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME), developed under the current environmental situation in Japan and globally, to be consistent and compatible with our IAM, which comprises three resource balance models and a simplified climate model. The IAM endogenously generates most inventories consistent with energy scenarios and climate policies linked with the applied LIME. The IAM and LIME are formulated to minimize the discounted sum of supplying the cost of resources over their lifecycles (i.e., from development to end-of-life) to generate time evolutions for the endpoint impacts over this century on a global scale with/without the 2-degree Celsius (2DC) target in a 100% renewable energy scenario. Results and discussion: Unlike existing LCA+ESM/IAM studies, which focus on power generation technologies and related (in)direct embedded energy consumption on a lifecycle basis, our model’s expansion to mineral and biomass resources, in addition to energy, has the following novel results: (1) The following inventories in the 2DC target are generally lower than those in business as usual (BAU): temperature and sea level rise, natural resource, and waste discharge; further, SOx emissions are significantly reduced by reducing coal production while increasing forestry. (2) The environmental impacts on the four endpoints of minerals, land use, and land-use change, with the exclusion of energy-related impacts, are significantly larger than those related to energy. (3) Finally, by ensuring inventory reduction, the 2DC target scenario can reduce overall endpoint impacts (by maximum around 20%), except the impacts on biodiversity resulting from forestry expansion to meet predetermined targets. Conclusions: Unlike mainstream IAM analyses, we incorporate LIME, instead of energy- and biomass-related resource and climate change impacts alone; our model thus provides a comprehensive perspective on various natural resources and their impacts on a lifecycle basis. The exclusion of the weighting process and retention of the four endpoints enable us to easily interpret the results. Further, this application of LCA to IAM enables us to further understand and assess natural resources and environmental impacts.

DOI： 10.1007/s11367-020-01750-8

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：{MDPI} {AG}  

High penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) leads to high stress on a power grid, especially when the supply cannot cover and actively respond to the unpredictable demand caused by charging EVs. In the Java-Madura-Bali (JAMALI) area, Indonesia, the capability of the grid to balance its supply and demand is very limited, and massive EV charging additionally worsens the condition because of unbalanced load profiles. Ancillary services of EVs have led to the idea of utilizing EV batteries for grid support, owing to their high-speed response to the fluctuating power system. In this study, a techno-economic analysis of the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system in the JAMALI grid is conducted in terms of the changes in the feed-in tariff schemes, including regular, natural, and demand response tariffs. The results show that by utilizing EVs, the supply during peak hours can be reduced by up to 2.8% (for coal) and 8.8% (for gas). EVs owned by business entities as operating vehicles with a natural tariff show the highest feasibility for ancillary services, and can potentially reduce the cost of charging by up to 60.15%. From a power company perspective, V2G also potentially improves annual revenue by approximately 3.65%, owing to the replacement of the fuel.

DOI： 10.3390/en13051162

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

An integrated system to efficiently harvest energy from the waste produced in the pulp mill industry, namely black liquor (BL), is proposed and investigated. The proposed system mainly comprises the supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of BL and syngas chemical looping (SCL). In addition, to effectively minimize the circulation of heat throughout the system, and therefore optimize the energy efficiency, the process design and integration are conducted by simultaneously adopting the concepts of exergy recovery and process integration. The available technologies for electricity generation and hydrogen production from BL recovery are discussed and compared with the proposed system. In this study, hydrogen is set as the main output, while power is produced by utilizing the heat generated throughout the process. Process simulation is performed using a steady state process simulator Aspen Plus. Energy efficiency is classified into three categories: hydrogen production efficiency, power generation efficiency, and total energy efficiency. Compared to other BL recovery systems, the proposed integrated system combining SCWG and SCL processes seems to be very promising. The integrated system shows very high total energy efficiency and carbon capture of about 80% and 75%, respectively.

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113446

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

Research and development of approaches to improve energy efficiency in the rice industry can help stakeholders to make informed decisions. In this study, an enhanced integrated system of both rice production and power generation was proposed. The integrated system mainly consisted of superheated steam drying, husking, polishing, torrefaction, steam gasification, and power generation. In addition, suitable technology options for power generation and rice production processes for increasing the energy efficiency were also investigated. Furthermore, to contribute to minimization of the exergy loss, recovery was performed by combining the concept of heat circulation and process integration. Results show a considerably higher energy efficiency of the proposed integrated system. In a single rice production system, processing of 200 t rice grain d can generate surplus electricity of about 3.4 MW with an electricity production efficiency of about 32%. A high economic benefit could be achieved by synergetic integration in the rice industry. −1

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.098

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

One of the strategies to improve environmentally friendly energy harvesting can be realized by using biomass as a primary energy source for generating electricity and H . In addition, high energy efficiency can be achieved by minimizing exergy loss through process integration and exergy recovery. As an implementation, this study proposes a cogeneration system for black liquor (BL) to co-produce electricity and H . The system primarily comprises BL drying, circulating fluidized bed gasification, syngas chemical looping (SCL), and power generation. The Aspen Plus V8.8 software package is used for modeling and performing calculations of the proposed integrated system. Furthermore, thermodynamic analysis of gasification is performed by employing Gibbs energy minimization. The effects of target solid content on the required total work and compressor outlet pressure during drying and gasification with different steam-to-fuel ratios are evaluated. Moreover, the SCL process adopts three reactors, namely, the reducer, oxidizer, and combustor. Compared to conventional processes, the integrated drying-gasification-SCL processes are significantly cleaner and more energy efficient. The proposed integrated system can achieve a net energy efficiency of about 70% with almost 100% carbon capture. 2 2

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.033

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

High-potential biomass residues from the palm oil industry such as palm kernel shells and empty fruit bunch (EFB) must be utilized with the appropriate technology to optimize its economic benefit and minimize the environmental impacts. In this study, the cofiring behavior of hydrothermally treated EFB (HT-EFB) with coal is analyzed in terms of thermal behavior including temperature distribution and the composition of gases produced (CO and CO ) through computational fluid dynamics. Several HT-EFB mass fractions are evaluated, i.e., 0%, 10%, 25%, and 50%. To complement this research, an experimental study is conducted to validate the simulation results. In general, an HT-EFB mass fraction in the range of 10–25% seems to be the most preferable cofiring condition. In addition, an integrated system is also proposed and evaluated including coal drying, HT treatment of EFB, cofiring, and power generation. Very low energy consumption during coal drying and HT treatment of EFB can be achieved. Finally, the net power generation efficiency of the proposed integrated system is approximately 40% including coal drying and HT treatment of EFB processes. 2

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.122

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

Energy recovery from black liquor (BL) can be performed through gasification at temperatures above the melting point of inorganic chemicals. Complementarily to BL gasification experimental research, this study is conducted to simulate the thermodynamic modeling of an integrated system for BL evaporation, gasification, and combined cycle for power generation. For BL evaporation, a novel system is proposed based on the concept of exergy recovery to minimize exergy loss, and thus, lower the required energy input for evaporation. From the process design and calculations, higher target solid content leads to lower total required energy for BL evaporation. The lowest required total energy for evaporation can be achieved at a target solid content of 75 wt% wb. Furthermore, an integrated power generation system adopting gasification and combined cycle is modeled, and an application of different BL evaporation technologies is also evaluated in terms of net energy efficiency. The integrated system with exergy recovery-based evaporation can achieve a net energy efficiency of 34.5%, which is significantly higher than those of multi-effect evaporators (24.5%) and conventional boiler-based evaporation (14.7%).

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.058

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

This study investigated zero emissions scenarios with following two originalities compared to various existing studies. One is that we based on A1T society of SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenario) of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) compared to existing studies on those of B1 or B2. The second one is that various innovative technologies were considered and incorporated, such as biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and advanced nuclear technologies including hydrogen or synfuel production. We conducted global modeling over the period 2010-2150 in which energy, materials, and biomass and foods supply costs were minimized by linear programming. We found following features of energy supply structure in A1T scenario. Since the electric demand in A1T scenario in 2100 is two times larger than the others, (1) renewable energy which solely produce electricity, nuclear, and fossil energy with CCS (FECCS) especially coal are main sources of electricity, (2) renewable which can supply heat, namely BECCS and geothermal, satisfies the sector, and (3) hydrogen from coal is introduced in transport sector. It can be concluded that the zero emission energy systems with global economic growth will be possible, by development and deployment of ambitious advanced energy technologies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.02.051

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Springer Verlag  

Purpose: Global warming is exerting a damaging effect on human health. This damage is not only influenced by future climate conditions but also projected economic development and population growth. That being said, there are no health damage factors related to CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
emissions which take into account future socioeconomic scenarios in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Thus, the purpose of the current research is to calculate human health damage factors based on the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRESs) developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Methods: The procedure used to calculate the SRES-based damage factors is as follows. First, a framework was developed to calculate damage factors based on multiple parameters: rise in temperature, relative risk increase, mortality rate increase, rise in number of deaths, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) increase. Secondly, these parameters were calculated for each individual SRES based on the relationship among the parameters and CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
emissions, GDP, and population values of each scenario. Finally, the damage factor for each SRES was calculated by multiplying all the parameters that had been calculated based on the CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
emission, GDP, and population data in the corresponding scenarios. Results and discussion: Using this method, the human health damage factors for four SRESs (A1B, A2, B1, and B2) were calculated. The damage factors consisted of six different items: malaria, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease, malnutrition, coastal flooding, and inland flooding. The calculated results by scenario were 2.0 × 10&lt
sup&gt
−7&lt
/sup&gt
, 6.2 × 10&lt
sup&gt
−7&lt
/sup&gt
, 2.1 × 10&lt
sup&gt
−7&lt
/sup&gt
, and 4.2 × 10&lt
sup&gt
−7&lt
/sup&gt
DALY/kg CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
, respectively. The damage caused by malnutrition is the greatest, followed by diarrhea. Regions of Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East showed the highest damages due to their high damage from malnutrition and diarrhea. With regard to the differences among the four damage factors, the difference between the projected future mortality rate and DALY per death based on the future GDP per capita is greater than the difference between the increases in temperature among scenarios dependent on future CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
emission. Conclusions: The human health damage factors related to CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
emissions for four SRESs were estimated. As a result of differences between future socioeconomic scenarios, the largest amount of damage per CO&lt
inf&gt
2&lt
/inf&gt
emission unit was three times greater than the smallest amount. Therefore, sensitive analysis is highly recommended when seeking to compare damage caused by global warming and other impact categories.

DOI： 10.1007/s11367-015-0965-9

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

This study measures various indicators for sustainability in this century for four scenarios of SRES (Special Report on Emissions Scenarios) published by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to provide a comparable assessment of the scenarios. We assessed the scenarios using a model of Ramsey-type mainframe with cost models for fuel and non-fuel mineral resources, biomass and foods, and an environmental externality. The existing studies have not assessed these SRES scenarios for sustainability, but only for climate change and its policy under the scenarios using CO2 emissions and shadow prices as indicators. The significant contributions of this paper are an assessment of the scenarios using the measured future paths of various sustainability indicators and revealing that the SRES-B1 scenario is the most favorable from a sustainability perspective. The findings of this study contribute to further empirical analysis of the economics of sustainability and climate policy assessments. © 2013 Taylor &amp
Francis.

DOI： 10.1080/13504509.2013.791346

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research  

This section describes the future of fusion energy in terms of its impact on the global energy supply and global warming mitigation, the possible entry scenarios of fusion into future energy market, and innovative technologies for deploying and expanding fusion's share in the market. Section 5.1 shows that fusion energy can contribute to the stabilization of atmospheric CO₂ concentration if fusion is introduced into the future energy market at a competitive price. Considerations regarding fusion's entry scenarios into the energy market are presented in Sec. 5.2, suggesting that fusion should replace fossil energy sources and thus contribute to global warming mitigation. In this sense, first generation fusion power plants should be a viable energy source with global appeal and be so attractive as to be employed in developing countries rather than in developed countries. Favorable factors lending to this purpose are fusion's stability as a power source, and its security, safety, and environmental frendliness as well as its cost-of-electricity. The requirements for core plasma to expand the share of fusion in the market in the latter half of this century are given in Sec.5.3, pointing out the importance of high beta access with low aspect ratio and plasma profile control. From this same point of view, innovative fusion technologies worthy of further development are commented on in Sec. 5.4, addressing the high temperature blanket, hydrogen production, high temperature superconductors, and hot cell maintenance.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.875

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10456098

Language：English   Publisher：The Japan Society of Plasma Science and Nuclear Fusion Research  

The present study reveals forthcoming break-even conditions of tokamak plasma performance for the fusion energy development. The first condition is the electric break-even condition, which means that the gross electric power generation is equal to the circulating power in a power plant. This is required for fusion energy to be recognized as a suitable candidate for an alternative energy source. As for the plasma performance (normalized beta value Β_N), confinement improvement factor for H-mode HH, the ratio of plasma density to Greenwald density fn_GW), the electric break-even condition requires the simultaneous achievement of 1.2 < Β_N < 2.7, 0.8 < HH, and 0.3 < fn_GW < 1.1 under the conditions of a maximum magnetic field on the TF coil B_tmax = 16 T, thermal efficiency η_e = 30 %, and current drive power P_NBI < 200 MW. It should be noted that the relatively moderate conditions of Β_N ˜ 1.8, HH ˜ 1.0, and fn_GW ˜ 0.9, which correspond to the ITER reference operation parameters, have a strong potential to achieve the electric break-even condition. The second condition is the economic break-even condition, which is required for fusion energy to be selected as an alternative energy source in the energy market. By using a long-term world energy scenario, a break-even price for introduction of fusion energy in the year 2050 is estimated to lie between 65 mill/kWh and 135 mill/kWh under the constraint of 550 ppm CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere. In the present study, this break-even price is applied to the economic break-even condition. However, because this break-even price is based on the present energy scenario including uncertainties, the economic break-even condition discussed here should not be considered the sufficient condition, but a necessary condition. Under the conditions of B_tmax = 16 T, η_e = 40 %, plant availability 60 %, and a radial build with/without CS coil, the economic break-even condition requires Β_N ˜ 5.0 for 65 mill/kWh of lower break-even price case. Finally, the present study reveals that the demonstration of steady-state operation with Β_N ˜ 3.0 in the ITER project leads to the upper region of the break-even price in the present world energy scenario, which implies that it is necessary to improve the plasma performance beyond that of the ITER advanced plasma operation.

DOI： 10.1585/jspf.81.903

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Other Link： http://dl.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/10456103

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY  

In response to social demand, this paper investigates the breakeven price (BP) and potential electricity supply of nuclear fusion energy in the 21st century by means of a world energy and environment model. We set the following objectives in this paper: (i) to reveal the economics of the introduction conditions of nuclear fusion; (ii) to know when tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactors are expected to be introduced cost-effectively into future energy systems; (iii) to estimate the share in 2100 of electricity produced by the presently designed reactors that could be economically selected in the year. The model can give in detail the energy and environment technologies and price-induced energy saving, and can illustrate optimal energy supply structures by minimizing the costs of total discounted energy systems at a discount rate of 5%. The following parameters of nuclear fusion were considered: cost of electricity (COE) in the nuclear fusion introduction year, annual COE reduction rates, regional introduction year, and regional nuclear fusion capacity projection. The investigations are carried out for three nuclear fusion projections one of which includes tritium breeding constraints, four future CO2 concentration constraints, and technological assumptions on fossil fuels, nuclear fission, CO2 sequestration, and anonymous innovative technologies., It is concluded that: (1) the BPs are from 65 to 125 mill kW(-1)h(-1) depending on the introduction year of nuclear fusion under the 550 ppmv CO2 concentration constraints; those of a business-as-usual (BAU) case are from 51 to 68 mill kW-1h-1. Uncertainties resulting from the CO2 concentration constraints and the technological options influenced the BPs by plus/minus some 10-30 mill kW(-1)h(-1), (2) tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactors (as presently designed, with a COE range around 70-130 mill kW(-)1h(-1)) would be favourably introduced into energy systems after 2060 based on the economic criteria under the 450 and 550 ppmv CO2 concentration constraint, but not selected under the BAU case and 650 ppmv CO2 concentration constraint, and (3) the share of electricity in 2100 produced by the presently designed tokamak-type nuclear fusion reactors (introduced after 2060) is well below 30%. It should be noted that these conclusions are based upon varieties of uncertainties in scenarios and data assumptions on nuclear fusion as well as technological options.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：AMER NUCLEAR SOCIETY  

Maximum implementation capacity of commercial fusion reactors based on breeding and supply of tritium has been investigated. The implementation capacity of fusion power reactors depends upon the net tritium breeding gain and a requirement of the initial supply of tritium for a steady commercial operation. In the reference case, the maximum implementation capacity is 7 GWe in 10 years after the year of fusion introduction, 118 GWe in 20 years and 488 GWe in 25 years. It is mainly limited by the industrial construction capacity after 25 years. The maximum implementation capacity is largely depends on the preparation interval of operation as well as the tritium breeding performance. It means that subsequent reactors must start operation as soon as possible not to leave produced tritium. The requirement to the tritium breeding for a satisfactory implementation effusion power plants is also discussed. In the case that fusion implementation is similar to the increase of fission reactors in last 40 years, tritium breeding ratio of 1.08 will be required for the early plants. On the other hand, tritium breeding ratio of 1.02 is sufficient when fusion plants are widely deployed.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

A reversed shear configuration, which was observed recently in some Tokamak experiments, might have a possibility to realize compact and cost-competitive Tokamak reactors. In this study, a compact (low cost) commercial reactor based on the shear reversed high beta equilibrium with beta(N) = 5.5, is considered, namely the Compact Reversed Shear Tokamak, CREST-1. The CREST-1 is designed with a moderate aspect ratio (R/a = 3.4), which will allow us to experimentally develop this CREST concept by ITER. This will be very advantageous with regard to the fusion development strategy. The current profile for the reversed shear operation is sustained and controlled in steady state by bootstrap (88%), beam and rf driven currents, which are calculated by a nea-classical model code in 3D geometry. The MI-ID stability has been checked by an ideal MHD stability analysis code (ERATO) and it has been confirmed that the ideal low n kink, ballooning and Mercier modes are stable while a closed conductive shell is required for stability. Such a compact Tokamak can be cost-competitive as an electric power source in the 21st century and it is one possible scenario in realizing a commercial fusion reactor beyond the ITER project. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE SA  

We designed a volumetric neutron source for testing large-scale blanket components, based on a steady-state tokamak device with superconducting coils. It is found that a neutron flux of approximately 1.0 MW m(-2) is available in the medium-size device (R = 4.5 m, a = 1.0 m, kappa = 1.8, I-p = 5.6 MA) under the conditions of H similar to 2 and beta(N) similar to 3 with a neutral beam injection (NBI) power of about 60 MW. We demonstrate the controllability of the current profiles required for high-beta plasma up to beta(N) = 3-3.8 with the combination of bootstrap current and NB-driven current (E-b = 1.0 MeV). If an advanced performance scenario such as a reversed shear configuration is available, a neutron flux of 1.4 MW m(-2) is achievable. We install the breeding blanket of Li-Pb only at outboard and upper regions, and find that a local tritium breeding ratio (TBR) of 1.5 is achievable and a net TBR of 0.8 could be available. The analysis of shielding materials at the inboard region shows that the proper combination of tungsten, steel and boric water yields a reduction of the nuclear irradiation of TF coil by a factor of approximately 10. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)   Publisher：INT ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY  

A volumetric neutron source for testing large scale blanket components, based on a steady state tokamak device with superconducting coils, has been designed. It is found that a neutron flux of 0.8-1.0 MW/m(2) is available in a medium size device (R = 4.5 m, a = 1.0 m, kappa = 1.8, I-p = 5.6 MA) under the conditions of enhancement factor H = 1.6-2.2 and beta(N) = 2.8-3.5 with NBI power P-b of 50-80 MW. The controllability of the current profile required for high a plasmas up to beta(N) = 3 with a combination of bootstrap current and neutral beam driven current (E-b = 1.0 MeV) at a plasma density [n(e)] = 1.0 x 10(20) m(-3) was demonstrated. If an advanced performance scenario such as a reversed shear configuration is available, a neutron flux of 1.4 MW/m(2) is achievable. To produce a reversed shear current profile stable for MHD modes, external current drive not only in the plasma central region bur also in the pitch minimum region is required. NBI power of 28 MW is employed in the plasma central region and LHW power of 6 MW in the outer region of the plasma column. A transport calculation estimates the accumulation of helium ash to be f(He) = 4-7% with tau(p)*/tau(E) = 7-10 This low helium fraction can be explained by the short particle/energy confinement time in a small device. Since tritium consumption is similar to 10 kg/a, the installation of a breeding blanket is indispensable. The capability for tritium breeding of Li2O/Be and Li-Pb breeders has been evaluated and it is found that a local tritium breeding ratio of 1.4 or more is feasible for the Li-Pb case.

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© 2017, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany. Purpose: This paper is the second part of a series of articles presenting the results of research on monetary weighting factors (MWFs) for the G20 countries, which together account for approximately 90% of the global GDP. We developed their MWFs with regard to Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and evaluated them via a large-scale questionnaire survey. We estimated the economic value of one unit of damage caused by human activities. Methods: To ensure that the MWFs covered all areas of protection as defined by the LCIA method based on Endpoint Modeling (human health, social assets, biodiversity, and primary production), we conducted a choice experiment in all G20 countries. We conducted face-to-face interviews to minimize survey bias and ensure that the questions were understood by the emerging G20 countries’ respondents. Internet surveys were adopted to collect samples from the developed G20 countries’ respondents, where Internet diffusion rates are generally high. We obtained response data from 200 to 250 and 500 to 600 households of all the emerging and all the developed G20 countries, respectively. We gathered 6400 responses in all. We estimated preference intensities using the random parameter logit model. We calculated MWFs based on each respondent’s willingness to pay. Results and discussion: We devised MWFs providing the costs of damage to four safeguard subjects. All the estimated values are statistically significant at the 1% level, with the exception of monetary attributes from Mexico. The MWFs for the G20 are 23,000 USD for human health (per year), 2.5 USD for social assets (per USD of resources), 11 billion USD for biodiversity (per species), and 5.6 billion USD for primary production (per 100 million tons). The differences between the developed and emerging G20 countries are considerable, with the values generally being smaller for the latter in purchasing power parity (USD) terms. The estimated global total economic annual impact was approximately 5.1 trillion USD (6.7% of the world’s total GDP). Conclusions: We obtained reasonable and conservative global-scale MWFs compared with previous studies. Moreover, the cross-country heterogeneity in this study potentially helps extrapolate future/global value developments from current/local estimates. The variations in human health and social asset MWFs are small enough within developed countries to allow international transfers among them, while significant variations in biodiversity and primary production MWFs are a caveat to up-front international transfers even within developed countries.

DOI： 10.1007/s11367-017-1372-1

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Publisher：InTech  

DOI： 10.5772/intechopen.70561

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Language：English   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

Energy recovery from black liquor (BL) can be performed through gasification process at temperatures above the melting point of the inorganic chemicals. Complementing the BL gasification experimental research, this study is conducted to simulate the thermodynamic modeling of integrated system for BL evaporation, gasification and combined cycle for power generation. BL evaporation system is initially proposed based on the concept of exergy recovery which can minimize the exergy loss, hence lower the required energy input for evaporation. In the proposed BL evaporation system, higher target solids content leads to lower total required energy for BL evaporation. The lowest required total energy for evaporation can be achieved at target solids content of 75 wt% wb. Furthermore, an integrated power generation adopting gasification and combined cycle is modeled and application of different BL evaporation technologies is also evaluated in terms of net energy efficiency. The integrated system with exergy recovery-based evaporation can achieve the net energy efficiency of 34.5%, which is significantly higher than adoption of multi-effect evaporators (24.5%) and conventional boiler-based evaporation (14.7%).

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.005

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Language：English   Publisher：Elsevier Ltd  

Developing an approach of electricity production can lead stakeholders to make proper and appropriate decisions in the future. This research proposes an integrated system of electricity production from biomass waste which could bring to both economic and environmental benefit. As case study, straw yield of rice is investigated. In this study, an enhanced integrated system of power generation is proposed. The integrated system consists of a torrefaction, entrained flow gasification, gas cleaning module, and combined cycle for power generation. As an effort to optimize the heat circulation and minimize the exergy loss throughout the proposed system, enhanced process integration technology (EPI) is also implemented. By adopting the EPI, the unrecoverable energy or heat in a single process can be recovered and utilized in other processes through process integration. Furthermore, the influences of torrefaction temperature to the total generated power and power generation efficiency are also investigated. Results of calculation and modeling show a very high energy efficiency of integrated system. A positive energy harvesting with the total power generation efficiency of about 43% can be achieved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.12.043

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Co-firing biomass with coal is believed to be able to improve the domestic energy security in Indonesia. Hydrothermal treatment process prior to the combustion is needed to convert raw biomass into coal-like product. The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the technological, economic and environmental feasibility of the cofiring coal with hydrothermally-treated empty fruit bunch (HT-EFB) through extensive laboratory investigations, simulations, system analyses and economic assessments from literature. Based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, HT-EFB mass fraction of 10 to 25% seems to be the most preferable cofiring condition in term of temperature and produced gas compositions including CO , CO, NO and SOx. An aspen plus simulation showed combining hydrothermal treatment with cofiring in an integrated system power plant could be a positive way to generate electricity with overall energy efficiency 37.09%. Moreover, fuel production cost, EFB supply capacity from palm mills surrounding the power plants, and transportation cost are required parameters to be considered for developing large scale biomass cofiring and integrated supply chain. 2

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.317

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Energy recovery from black liquor can be performed through gasification process at temperatures above the melting point of the inorganic chemicals. Complementing the experimental research, this study was conducted in Aspen Plus software to simulate thermodinamic modeling of detail process for gasification and combined cycle in an integrated system power plant. Mass and energy balances were examined to quantify process performance. The unrecoverable energy in a single process will be utilized in other processes. The combination of these technologies is expected minimizing the total exergy destruction the throughout system. Kraft black liquor was used as sample during process calculation. The proposed integrated-system shows a high energy efficiency. A significant positive energy harvesting from black liquor can be achieved for further development.

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.318

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV  

Currently there is an effort to reduce operating cost, increase the use of renewable energy and improve energy security by fuel-switching technique in existing boiler. The main objective of this study is to investigate the Cofiring behaviour of hydrothermally-treated empty fruit bunch (HT-EFB) and coal in the existing coal power plant. The research was conducted in a drop tube furnace (DTF) through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The key performance parameters such as temperature distribution, fluid flow velocity, concentration of produced gases (CO , CO, SO and NO) were evaluated under various HT-EFB mass fractions: 0%, 10%, 25% and 50%. The results indicate that hydrothermal treatment process prior to the combustion is required to improve EFB quality as fuel. HT-EFB can enhance the ignition characteristics of low rank coal due to high volatile matter content in HT-EFB. Higher HT-EFB mass fraction increases the combustion temperature, therefore influences the fluid velocity. The cofiring can reduce both CO and SO amounts during combustion. 2 2 2 2

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.03.473

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Language：English   Publisher：TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC  

We need a consistent methodology to measure the co-benefits of climate change mitigation across Asian countries. This study chose a strategy of modifying the Japan-specific life-cycle impact assessment method based on endpoint modeling (LIME) for wider application across countries. LIME has two dimensions. First, it is an environmental science that links the cause-and-effect chain. Second, it is an environmental valuation that weighs four endpoint damages in monetary terms through a conjoint analysis that is derived from an Internet-based questionnaire survey. This article describes the modification of the methodology for application of the conjoint analysis to weigh environmental impacts. We approached the investigation as follows. First, we conducted Internet surveys to measure marginal willingness-to-pay (MWTP). We used a sample of 112 respondents in their 20s to 40s, divided equally between men and women, in 11 cities across China, India, and Southeast Asia. The results obtained showed clear statistical significance and were comparable across the cities. Second, we attempted to develop functions (called benefit transfer functions) to simplify the measured MWTP in order to apply it across different Asian countries. The functions were derived through a stepwise meta-analytic method, a type of multiple regression analysis whose independent variable was MWTP and dependent variables were attributes of both respondents and surveyed cities. The functions showed that coal consumption and percentage of nature reserve were dependent variables. Then, the MWTPs estimated from the functions were compared with the measured MWTP for transfer error, which is calculated by the absolute value of the difference between the estimated value and the measured value divided by the latter. The transfer error was below 50% in about 90% of the 44 results (a combination of four endpoints and 11 cities), implying that the developed functions were statistically significant.

DOI： 10.1080/13504509.2016.1168326

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本LCA学会  

&lt;b&gt;Objective.&lt;/b&gt; Global warming is exerting a damaging effect on human health. This damage is not only influenced by future climate conditions, but also projected economic development and population growth. That being said, there are no health damage factors related to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions which take into account future socioeconomic scenarios in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). Thus the purpose of this research is to calculate human health damage factors based on special report on emission scenarios (SRESs) developed by IPCC. &lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Materials and Methods.&lt;/b&gt; The procedure used to calculate the SRES-based damage factors is as follows. First, a framework was developed to calculate damage factors based on multiple parameters: rise in temperature, relative risk increase, mortality rate increase, rise in number of deaths, and disability-adjusted life year (DALY) increase. Secondly, these parameters were calculated for each individual SRES based on the relationship among the parameters and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, GDP, and population values of each scenario. Finally, the damage factor for each SRES was calculated by multiplying all the parameters that had been calculated based on the CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission, GDP and population data in the corresponding scenarios.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results and Discussion.&lt;/b&gt; Using this method, the human health damage factors for four SRESs (A1B, A2, B1, and B2) were calculated. The damage factors consisted of six different items: malaria, diarrhea, cardiovascular disease, malnutrition, coastal flooding, and inland flooding. The calculated results by scenario were 2.0&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;, 6.2&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt;, 2.1&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; and 4.2&amp;times;10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; DALY/kg-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, respectively. The damage caused by malnutrition is the greatest, followed by diarrhea. The projected future mortality rate and DALY per death based on future GDP per capita contributed significantly to the differences among the four damage factors, while the difference of temperature rise among scenarios depended on future CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission is not influential to the damage factors.&lt;BR&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions.&lt;/b&gt; The human health damage factors related to CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions for four SRESs were estimated. As a result of differences between future socioeconomic scenarios, the largest amount of damage per CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emission unit was 3 times greater than the smallest amount. Therefore, sensitive analysis is highly recommended when seeking to compare damage caused by global warming and other impact categories.

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：一般社団法人 環境情報科学センター  

Human health damage due to global warming has been quantified in existing LCIA researches, however the climate model they used was consistent with IPCC Third Assessment Report, and the damage of diarrhea was not considered. The purpose of this research is to develop a new framework to quantify the human health damage based on change of relative risk of diseases caused by climate change published by WHO. The total damage of diseases (malaria, diarrhea, cardiovascular, malnutrition, coastal flood and inland flood) of A2 scenario was calculated at 2×10&lt;sup&gt;-7&lt;/sup&gt; DALY/kg-CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; approximately. The damage of diarrhea was the biggest. And the damage of inland flood and cardiovascular had a long-term effect.

DOI： 10.11492/ceispapers.ceis25.0_383

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This study simulates the internalization of the external costs of major global environmental issues using an optimal economic growth model. We merged two existing models: an integrated assessment model (IAM) and a life-cycle impact assessment (LCIA) model. We sought to achieve simultaneously the following three objectives: (i) to incorporate environmental issues including global warming in the IAM; (ii) to assess environmental impacts with a bottom-up approach from the LCIA; and (iii) to internalize external costs obtained from the environmental impact study. The study also provides initial simulation results obtained from the merged model. Simulation results indicate that global warming will account for somewhere from 10% to 40% of all external costs in the 21st century. The remaining cost will come from land use and its changes. The internalization of the external cost will cause a decline in economic growth by approximately 5%, whereas forest preservation will increase by 40% and fossil-fuel consumption will be reduced by 15%. The estimated sustainability indicators imply that a necessary condition of sustainable development is satisfied for the entire world and for the developed countries during the 21st century, but is not satisfied until the latter half of this century for the developing counties. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.02.039

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：エネルギー総合工学研究所  

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：社団法人 環境科学会  

This paper proposes a methodology to estimate sustainability indicators for the future and to judge whether world and regional scenarios satisfy the necessary conditions of sustainable development. The indicators examined in this study are the genuine savings (Sg) of the flow base, and changes in wealth per capita (w) of the stock base, both of which are among the World Development Indicators (WDI) proposed by the World Bank. David W. Pearce, Giles Atkinson, and Kirk Hamilton have claimed that it is a necessary condition for both of these indicators to be positive. The formal model in this study is based on the model of optimal growth theory proposed by Hamilton. Data required to estimate the two indicators are obtained from endogenous simulation output data by extending an existing integrated assessment model. We can estimate the indicators for the future until 2100 and for 10 regional divisions of the world. The estimations are preliminary and are not sufficient for detailed or conclusive discussions; however, results suggest that the necessary condition identified above is satisfied for the total world and for developed countries throughout the 21st century, but is not satisfied until the latter half of this century in the developing counties. We have established that i) indicators of future sustainability can be estimated based on the optimal growth theory; ii) the indicators can be obtained using consistent data obtained endogenously from the model; and iii) a conjoint analysis can be applied to make a single index (i.e., monetary term) from different factors of resources and environment. We successfully conducted the present methodology to indicate sustainable development indices and their results based on the Weak Sustainability; however, we have to continue our study to obtain policy implication toward future sustainability.

DOI： 10.11353/sesj1988.20.327

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Language：Japanese  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本LCA学会  

日本国内の被害算定型ライフサイクル影響評価手法として開発されたLIMEの影響領域のうち、都市域大気汚染及び酸性化は地域規模の影響領域であり、地域特有の条件（気象条件、地理条件、社会条件など）が反映されているため、日本国外における適用には不向きな面がある。本発表では、都市域大気汚染及び酸性化影響領域のダメージ関数を、アジア域に適用範囲を拡大するための研究の方針と課題を報告する。

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Language：English   Publisher：ELSEVIER SCI LTD  

The status and prospects of the development of Japanese nuclear power are controversial and uncertain. Many deem that nuclear power can play key roles in both supplying energy and abating CO2 emissions; however, due to severe nuclear accidents, public acceptance of nuclear power in Japan has not been fully obtained. Moreover, deregulation and liberalization of the electricity market impose pressure on large Japanese electric power companies with regard to both the operation of nuclear power plants and the development of the nuclear fuel cycle. Long-term Japanese CO2 reduction strategies up to 2100 are of environmental concern and are socially demanded under the circumstances described above. Taking these factors into account, we set the following two objectives for this study. One is to estimate lifecycle CO2 (LCCO2) emissions from Japanese nuclear power, and the other is to evaluate CO, emissions from the Japanese electric power sector in the 21 st century by quantifying the relationship between LCCO2 emissions and scenarios for the adoption of nuclear power. In the pursuit of the above objectives, we first create four scenarios of Japanese adoption of nuclear power, that range from nuclear power promotion to phase-out. Next, we formulate four scenarios describing the mix of the total electricity supply in Japan till the year 2100 corresponding to each of these nuclear power scenarios. CO, emissions from the electric power sector in Japan till the year 2100 are estimated by summing those generated by each respective electric power technology and LCCO2 emission intensity. The LCCO2 emission intensity of nuclear power for both light water reactors (LWR) and fast breeder reactors (FBR) includes the uranium fuel production chain, facility construction/operation/ decommission, and spent fuel processing/disposal. From our investigations, we conclude that the promotion of nuclear power is clearly a strong option for reducing CO2 emissions by the electric power sector. The introduction of FBR has the effect of further reducing CO, emissions in the nuclear power sector. Meeting energy demand and reducing CO2 emissions while phasing out nuclear power appears challenging given its importance in the Japanese energy supply. (c) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

DOI： 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.08.011

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Language：Japanese  

DOI： 10.11353/sesj1988.19.25

CiNii Books

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本LCA学会  

地球温暖化、酸性化および土地利用・土地利用変化による外部不経済（外部コスト）を内部化し、2100年までの世界全体の最適経済成長のシミュレーションを試みようとするものである。地球温暖化による外部コストをトップダウン的に表現して内部化した研究例は存在するが、本研究では、地球温暖化に限らずライフサイクル影響評価に基づくボトムアップ的に求められた、地球環境の外部コストを内部化することで、経済成長との統合評価を試みた。

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DOI： 10.11353/sesj1988.18.93

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