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DOI： 10.1016/j.ufug.2026.129366

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DOI： 10.3390/su18094167

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114280

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DOI： 10.3390/buildings16020382

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113989

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113047

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DOI： 10.3390/buildings15071150

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DOI： 10.3390/su17062775

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DOI： 10.1016/j.uclim.2025.102326

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.112311

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DOI： 10.1007/978-981-97-5477-9_35

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DOI： 10.63044/eq25ko52

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DOI： 10.63044/eq25ya30

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DOI： 10.3390/rs16234606

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DOI： 10.1080/19648189.2024.2318402

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DOI： 10.1007/s00484-024-02668-8

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DOI： 10.3390/buildings14061872

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：IOP Publishing  

Abstract

In response to the development in housing needs, human habits and behavior inside the house have a decisive role, and changes in preference from landed houses to vertical houses should be considered. In correlation with body contact, every activity will involve attachment to a horizontal surface (floor surface), and the vertical surface will impact the surrounding area of human thermal comfort. In a tropical climate like Indonesia, climate, internal space, and the human body are essential interrelated things. Associated with the thermal comfort needs of the human body, direct transfer of thermal conditions and direct contact with the surface will also affect the comfort of living every day in the residential area, represented by the behavior of Indonesians in floor usage for daily activities. This part of the research will focus on describing the behavior in horizontal surface usage and comfort, for which data is collected by using multiple types of questions, such as subjective assessment questionnaires and followed by cluster analysis, to comprehend the result.

DOI： 10.1088/1755-1315/1351/1/012028

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DOI： 10.5334/fce.246

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2024.111256

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DOI： 10.1080/17452007.2023.2286617

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DOI： 10.1016/j.solener.2024.112419

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DOI： 10.3390/su16041420

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DOI： 10.1016/j.scs.2023.104991

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110898

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DOI： 10.1155/2023/8853643

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DOI： 10.1016/j.matlet.2023.134593

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110481

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2023.110351

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DOI： 10.1080/17452007.2023.2195613

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109762

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109412

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DOI： 10.3390/su14137880

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DOI： 10.1016/j.scs.2022.103919

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.108920

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

We propose a method for multi-objective optimization of tree arrangement in urban open space. The Pareto solutions of the optimization consider trade-offs between thermal radiant environment, green visibility, and sky visibility. The result captures the trade-offs reasonably and shows that even when the amount of trees is the same, tree arrangement can have nonnegligible impacts on mean radiant temperature, green visibility, and sky visibility. Furthermore, we show procedures for utilizing the Pareto solutions, which summarize the characteristics of the optimum tree arrangement or extract a reference solution for green space planning based on requirements from a planning scenario.

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.28.320

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108442

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I032431925

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DOI： 10.1016/j.scs.2021.103273

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DOI： 10.1016/j.renene.2021.08.116

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127391

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DOI： 10.1007/s10546-020-00578-x

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DOI： 10.3390/rs13040562

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107483

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DOI： 10.3390/su12135360

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DOI： 10.3390/rs12142214

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DOI： 10.1007/s10546-020-00507-y

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106485

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DOI： 10.3390/s20020517

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

Urban trees as a heat adaptation measure by solar radiation shielding and as a heat island mitigation measure by transpiration are expected to improve the summer thermal environment. An increase in the amount of trees leads to an increase in the initial cost for tree planting and in maintenance costs such as pruning and irrigation. It is thus important when planning to green urban open spaces to consider the optimal tree arrangement to maximize the effect with the minimum amount of trees. However, very few studies have discussed the effect of the tree arrangement on the thermal environment. Therefore, we carried out tree arrangement optimization to both minimize the summer mean radiant temperature (MRT) as an urban heat adaptation measure and maximize the transpiration rate as a heat island mitigation measure. Based on optimization, we showed to what extent the MRT and the transpiration rate change by the arrangement and what kind of features of the arrangement contribute to improving the effect of the trees.

 The target of optimization was an open space with no buildings around it with a 36 m × 36 m tree arrangement area and a 12 m × 12 m evaluation area in the center. The design variable of optimization was the two-dimensional tree arrangement in the 36 m × 36 m area. To derive tree arrangements with the maximum effect by the minimum number of trees, we conducted optimization to minimize both MRT and vegetation coverage ratio (number of trees) in the evaluation area as the objective functions, focusing on urban heat adaptation. We also conducted optimization to maximize the transpiration rate and minimize the vegetation coverage ratio in the evaluation area, focusing on heat island mitigation. We calculated the MRT and the transpiration rate using typical sunny summer weather in Tokyo. We conducted numerical optimization and derived Pareto solutions.

 As a result, we obtained the following findings for typical sunny summer sunny weather in Tokyo at a location with no building around it. Comparisons between the effective and ineffective tree arrangements obtained by optimization showed the daily average MRT differed up to 7.5°C and the amount of transpiration differed up to about 20%, even when using the same amount of trees. This result shows that tree arrangement could have a non-negligible impact on the effects of urban heat adaptation and heat island mitigation. The arrangements of the optimal solutions for the MRT and the transpiration rate showed the same tendency, suggesting that similar tree arrangements could realize the maximization of effects for both urban heat adaptation and heat island mitigation. The tree arrangement of the optimal solutions showed that distributed arrangements with separation between trees are effective for reducing the MRT and increasing the transpiration rate, and that separation between trees in the east-west direction is more effective than separation between trees in the north-south direction. The difference of the MRT and the transpiration rate between effective and ineffective arrangements was large when the vegetation cover ratio was around 50%, suggesting that consideration to tree arrangement at the time of green planning is particularly important. The gradient of the Pareto solutions in the evaluation space was smaller when the vegetation coverage ratio was larger than 50%, suggesting that the cost performance of urban heat adaptation and heat island mitigation by trees decreased above a 50% vegetation coverage ratio.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.85.475

DOI： 10.3130/aije.86.377_references_DOI_QMYG3tzQcRegPMlcYHFCpx6swkq

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.25.771

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.10.022

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.12.027

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.05.058

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.24.715

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

In order to reduce heat in urban environments, the Japanese government has been enforcing mitigation and adaptation policies; however, due to insufficient design guidelines, it is still difficult to form a cool environment.<br> The purpose of this study is to propose an evaluation index and design guideline for the formation of cool spots in semi-outdoor spaces using passive cooling methods, and to confirm the total cooling effect of the designed space by means of air temperature, MRT and sensible temperature. In order to form a cool spot in semi-outdoor space, it is important to utilize natural ventilation at windy condition, but also to decline radiative temperature and generate cool air at breeze condition. Therefore, we focused on evaporative cooling methods that are applied to vertical plane, and proposed a cooling evaluation index based on the ambient wet bulb temperature, with β_Ts, β_{Ta_lee} and β_{Ta_for} as the cooling efficiencies of the surface temperature, cool air on leeward and forward side of the passive cooling techniques, respectively. From the measurements of the individual methods, we quantified β_Ts, β_{Ta_lee} and β_{Ta_for} of trees, a Passive cooling louver, and lava walls under watering condition, and the values for β_Ts with these methods were found to be 0.12, 0.55, and 0.76, respectively, and β_{Ta_lee} at a wind velocity >0.5 m/s were found to be 0.11, 0.17, and 0.36, respectively.<br> A “Cool terrace” was designed for a semi-outdoor space with shade on the ceiling and water retentive blocks on the floor, on the basis of <span style="text-decoration: overline;">β_Ta</span> (average β_{Ta_lee} of all the vertical planes in the space) to achieve an air temperature decline by more than 1°C and MRT equivalent or lower than the ambient air temperature. The extent of evaporative cooling methods that needs to be applied was calculated based on the required <span style="text-decoration: overline;">β_Ta</span>, and by taking into account the dominant wind direction of the area, the evaporative cooling methods were allocated as a “Cool terrace”. The measurement result of the Cool terrace showed an air temperature decline of 1.5 to 2.7 °C, and an MRT equivalent to the representative air temperature at breeze. Moreover, the SET* (standard new effective temperature) of the Cool terrace was at most 6 °C lower compared to the SET* of the adjacent deck terrace, when the solar radiation was large, and was on an average 1 °C lower, when it was cloudy. The contribution of each environmental element to the reduction in SET* was analyzed, and when the difference in SET*'s was 6 °C, the contribution of MRT was -5.5 °C, air temperature was -0.8 °C, wind velocity was +0.1 °C, and humidity was +0.1 °C.<br> From the results, the application of vertical passive cooling methods can provide cool environment in means of low air temperature and MRT at breeze, and since it is known that the ventilation (i.e. wind speed) can lower the sensible temperature as well³⁴⁾, these results imply that the combination of vertical passive cooling methods with different figures and cooling effects of can provide a cool environment continuously at various wind conditions.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.83.193

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本ヒートアイランド学会事務局  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I029327854

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The City Planning Institute of Japan  

This study shows building heat loads considering the effect of solar shading and local cold air induced by high rise building in winter. First, thedistribution of cold air induced by high rise building is presented by using the result of the remote sensing and measurement in the target site. As a result, the air temperature in the space which was shaded by high rise building for long time was 0.5-1 C lower than that of the surrounding area by the storage effect of cold air which is produced in the daytime. Next, the building heating loads considering solar shading and local cold air are simulated by building thermal simulation, based on the findings from the measurement result. As a result, the decrease in solar heat gain by the high rise building increases the building heat load by 5%-15%, and the local cold air around the target building increases the building heat load by 5%-10%.

DOI： 10.11361/journalcpij.52.387

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-17K14769/

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/hyp.11244

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DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.12.030

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

1. Introduction<br> In this paper, we focused on introduction of phase change material(PCM) into a house to secure a cold storage with night natural ventilation. We conducted measurement in order to understand indoor thermal characteristics in a room with night natural ventilation for introducing PCM on the floor of a house to maximize cooling effect. Measurement was mainly conducted for on a room of the full-scale house where it has two openings at floor level. We measured vertical air temperature distribution and inflow wind speed to understand indoor thermal characteristics. And heat flow was also measured on the floor and under the floor to reveal cold storage mechanism.<br><br> 2. Categorization<br> We categorized measurement results according to weather condition on each day as follows. 1) Day of large air temperature difference between indoor and outdoor(ΔT) with high inflow wind speed, 2) Day of large ΔT with low inflow wind speed, and 3) Day of small ΔT with high inflow wind speed.<br><br> 3. Measurement summary on indoor thermal characteristics<br> Vertical air temperature distribution of indoor was influenced by inflow wind speed and ΔT. In case that inflow wind speed was lower than 0.1m/s, cold air accumulated along the floor was not mixed with the air at upper area of indoor. In case that inflow wind speed was over 0.1m/s and under 0.3m/s, inlet air mixed with indoor air. At this time, mixing height was determined by ΔT and inflow wind speed. In case that inflow wind speed was over 0.3m/s, indoor air was entirely mixed with outdoor air, thus vertical air temperature distribution tended to be disappeared.<br><br> 4. Measurement summary on cold storage<br> Cold storage tended to be proportional to ΔT. Cold storage accelerated as the condition of large ΔT and low inflow wind speed because cold air accumulated along the floor was not mixed with upper air of indoor. In case that air temperature near the floor was 2°C lower than phase change temperature of PCM for solidification, latent cold storage begun to progress. Cold storage ratio of latent heat was averagely 70%, and total cold storage tended to change approximate 1.5 times depending on outdoor air temperature.<br><br> 5. Conclusion<br> Indoor thermal characteristics and cold storage rate were changed by ΔT and inflow wind speed. In some cases, latent cold storage efficiency of PCM on the floor with night natural ventilation was confirmed. In the future, considering the daily life activity of residents, we are going to research passive cooling effect of PCM including the day time. Also, in order to develop a numerical simulation tool for designing a passive cooling house with PCM including a calculation model of vertical air temperature distribution, we will determine the parameter of turbulence diffusion coefficient by CFD simulation.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.82.1025

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108442_references_DOI_2OAbOOmm8aBscuu1qSRlbmSFe9C

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1109/TGRS.2016.2565699

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本ヒートアイランド学会事務局  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I027661154

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Remote Sensing Society of Japan  

A terrestrial laser scanner-based method for estimating the leaf area density (LAD) distribution is examined while considering the degree of penetration of the laser beams into the tree and the influence of wind, which can lead to errors in outdoor measurements. Two Japanese zelkova (Zlkova serrata) trees of 6 m in height were used. Each tree was scanned from four positions, each at a distance of 4.5m from the tree. To evaluate the influence of wind on the estimation accuracy of the LAD distribution, laser-beam-transparent sheets were installed around one tree to block the wind. LAD distributions with a voxel size of 0.3m×0.3m×0.3m were estimated based on a previously developed method in which the contact frequency between laser beams and leaves was calculated. Through these estimations, two different methods for using data acquired from multiple scanning positions were examined. In the first method, all scanned data and the calculated LAD were integrated (Integration). In the second, the LAD was calculated for each scanning position, and the maximum LAD was adopted for each voxel (Selection). The estimated leaf area was compared with the measured area by stratified clipping. When the wind was blocked, the difference in the estimation accuracy between the Integration and Selection methods was small, even though the number of incident laser beams on each voxel in the Selection method was smaller than that in the Integration method. The estimation errors in determining the leaf area for the upper, middle, and lower layers of the tree were 10-15% for both methods. When the wind was not blocked and the wind speed reached 0.5m/s, the LAD was overestimated by both methods, but the difference between the LAD estimated with and without the sheets was within 10% in the Selection method. Conversely, the LAD estimated by the Integration method was 20% greater than that estimated by the Selection method. These results indicate that the Selection method is suitable for estimating the LAD distribution in outdoor spaces.

DOI： 10.11440/rssj.36.545

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/027767210

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

DOI： 10.1109/IGARSS.2016.7730758

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DOI： 10.1016/j.rse.2015.05.001

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Remote Sensing Society of Japan  

In this study, we demonstrate a method for quantifying the solar shading effect of urban trees. Leaf area density (LAD) distribution is estimated using multi-return airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR); then, the estimated distribution is applied to a radiative transfer model of vegetation to calculate the direct photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance. When first and single returns are used to estimate the LAD distribution, which is the same as the previously developed methods by other researchers, LAD is estimated with a large error in the lower part of the crown. The estimation error is an obstacle for an accurate calculation of direct PAR transmittance. Therefore, a method using the last and intermediate returns in addition to the first and single returns was examined. We verified the estimation accuracy of the LAD distribution using the terrestrial LiDAR data of a single Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) tree. We confirmed that using the last and intermediate returns improves the estimation accuracy of the entire crown area, especially in the lower part of the crown. Improvement of the spatial resolution of the external crown geometry and correction of the LAD for the voxels where there are no airborne LiDAR returns from the leaves were also conducted. Subsequently, the estimated LAD distribution was applied to a radiative transfer model, and then, the direct PAR transmittance was calculated. The PAR under the Z.serrata tree was measured using a device with a 1-m probe in which PAR sensors are embedded. We obtained PAR distribution by moving the device in the direction perpendicular to the probe, and the calculated transmittance was then compared with the measured one. The comparison showed that when the estimated LAD distribution with the LAD correction is used, direct PAR transmittance is accurately calculated, regardless of solar altitude.

DOI： 10.11440/rssj.35.10

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/026085967

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

DOI： 10.1109/IGARSS.2014.6946551

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：The Remote Sensing Society of Japan  

We examined the acquisition accuracy of high-resolution airborne LiDAR for capturing the external forms of individual trees in an urban district. The accuracy of the voxel-based reconstruction of the crown form was verified in anticipation of estimating the leaf area density (LAD) distribution. We calculated the decrease in the number of airborne laser beams incident on a crown in each height bin for 20 Japanese zelkova trees, and then, determined the target tree. Terrestrial LiDAR data of the target tree was used for the verification. We examined the spatial accuracy of the airborne LiDAR points on the crown surface before verifying the accuracy of the voxel-based reconstruction. The results confirmed that airborne LiDAR captured the crown periphery with the spatial accuracy of 0.5 m and 1 m in the upper and lower parts of the crown, respectively. Next, voxels including one or more points were extracted as the areas in which the foliage is distributed. We then verified the distribution accuracy of the extracted voxels, and we found that 60 % of the external voxels derived by the terrestrial LiDAR can be extracted. We also investigated the reasons for voxels not being extracted by the airborne LiDAR, using the LAD in voxels derived from the terrestrial LiDAR data. We observed that 96 % of the external voxels derived by the terrestrial LiDAR was comprised of voxels extracted by airborne LiDAR (the adjacent voxels of which can be extracted) and voxels that had insufficient foliage to trigger a return pulse. Our results quantitatively indicate that high-resolution airborne LiDAR is applicable to the voxel-based reconstruction of external forms of individual trees in urban spaces.

DOI： 10.11440/rssj.33.350

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Other Link： http://id.ndl.go.jp/bib/025027759

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF REVEGETATION TECHNOLOGY  

This paper analyzes the transpiration and vapor conductance of a whole tree of Zelkova serrate in summer using its weight measurement results, taking into account the effects of the water stress of the tree. Measurement data of transpiration for water supply condition and no water supply condition are used for the analysis, and the effects of the water stress on the transpiration and vapor conductance are analyzed. The vapor conductance increased and was saturated as PPFD increased under the water supply condition. The photic saturation point was from 700 to 800 [μmol／(m²s)]. The peak of vapor conductance appeared in morning and that of transpiration appeared in afternoon under clear sky conditions. The transpiration rate increased by 1.7 times as saturation deficit increased by three times under the photic saturation condition. The peak value of transpiration and vapor conductance decreased as the soil water content decreased. The relashionship between vapor conductance and soil water content was hysteretic when the soil water content was varied by the water-supply stop test. Decrease in vapor conductance appeared two days after the water-supply stop, and recovery in vapor conductance appeared three days after the water-supply resumption.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.39.534

DOI： 10.1002/hyp.11244_references_DOI_8zI1lAGfPM9b3m5YPloebuZAMKO

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Remote Sensing Society of Japan  

This paper examines the relationship between the seasonal land cover change and microclimate formed in a local small city of paddy field areas using airborne remote sensing data and CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation. The land cover maps for three seasons, the 3D urban district model and the 3D surface temperature images are made using the airborne MSS (Multi-Spectral Scanner) data obtained in each season and GIS data in Tonami city, Toyama prefecture. These data are applied to the boundary conditions for the CFD simulation, and air current and air temperature distributions are simulated for three seasons taking into account the seasonal land cover change. The simulation results are compared with the field measurement results for the microclimates in the site. These results quantitatively indicate that the control of air temperature by the paddy fields changes seasonally as its land cover changes through the year. In the summertime, the cooling effect of the paddy fields and the cool air current from the area contribute to the decrease in air temperature in the urbanized area.

DOI： 10.11440/rssj.32.209

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：JAPANESE SOCIETY OF REVEGETATION TECHNOLOGY  

As the first step of a series of studies which aim at quantifying and clarifying the characteristics of heat and water balances of a single tree, this paper focuses on the method to quantify transpiration of a Zelkova serrata using weighing machine and its accuracy. First, the measuring method for transpiration using the weighing machine was established, and the measurement system was made. The time variation of the weight measurement result was examined in summer. Next, a method to eliminate the effect of wind on the weight measurement result was proposed, and the estimation accuracy for the transpiration was confirmed when using the measurement and elimination method.

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.38.67

DOI： 10.1002/hyp.11244_references_DOI_3IQKvyP3AO9ouk62nsSuxslUW8q

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

DOI： 10.1109/IGARSS.2012.6352081

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本環境管理学会  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I024929593

Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：日本建築学会  

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Other Link： https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-21760466/

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This study evaluates the impact of the vacant lots on the outdoor thermal environment and building heat load in the summer in an historical urban district using the 3D CAD-based thermal environment simulator. In this study, The spatial geometry and material data in 1979 and 2009 are collected and the 3D CAD model of the site scaled 1:500 is completed. As a result of numerical simulation, Heat Island Potential, which is the evaluation index of the sensible heat flux to the atmosphere, of the site where the adjacent site became vacant lots in 2009 is 20°C at a maximum higher than that in 1979. Furthermore, the heat loads of the buildings adjacent to vacant lots is about 1.2-1.4 times as large as that of other buildings that have the equivalent total floor area and heat insulation capacity. Therefore, the increase of the vacant lots affects the changes of the outdoor thermal environment in the site and the heat load of the buildings adjacent to the vacant lots.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.75.899

DOI： 10.1002/2475-8876.12134_references_DOI_AcZ4ovQg0yEFCjfi60z3eWh3O6p

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I10858741

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.apenergy.2008.12.034

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本環境管理学会  

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I10278215

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan  

Thermograph shows the radiant temperature distribution of the observed surface, including the influence of the reflection from the surroundings. In this study, the method to generate the surface temperature images from 3D thermograph is developed. First, three-dimensional geometric model of the built environment space is generated by the stereo photography method using spherical thermograph system. The observed thermal images, which have the accurate coordinate information, are matched with 3D geometric model, three-dimensional thermal image is then generated. The directional emissivity and reflectivity data, which are the essential factors for the surface temperature calculation from radiant temperature, are obtained for several architectural materials through the measurement. The influences of reflection from the surroundings on the radiant temperature in the thermal image are removed by the ray tracing in the three-dimensional thermal image using the directional emissivity and reflectivity data, the three-dimensional surface temperature image is then completed. The calculation accuracy of the surface temperatures and the effectiveness of this conversion method are confirmed.

DOI： 10.1541/ieejfms.129.791

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I10481074

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.12.007

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Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

The calculation model of radiative heat transfer considering directional characteristics of reflected solar radiation are introduced into 3D-CAD compatible outdoor thermal environment simulation, which authors have been developing. First, using method of separating isotropic diffuse reflection and specular reflection, directional characteristics of reflected solar radiation on the radiative heat transfer model are reproduced. Then, the calculation parameters are obtained from measurement result of the reflected directional characteristics of various materials by spectral radiometer. Finally, the effect of directional reflection of solar radiation on the outdoor surface temperatures is evaluated.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.73.275

DOI： 10.3390/su8080785_references_DOI_E6KQOgOtkMdI7Tk2oOwZLykezjY

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：吹田 : 日本赤外線学会  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I9666309

Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本環境管理学会  

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I9613676

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This study makes the environmental database containing the information for supporting the maintenance of outdoor environment in a residential area on seaside reclaimed land. We propose the database system combined with 3D-CAD system, which realize the appropriate maintenance and communication between the residents and a maintenance person. The environmental information regarding the maintenance of outdoor environment, including building, greenery and ground cover, are collected through field measurements and so on. Other information, including thermal environment, wind environment and birds, are also inserted into the database, so as to encourage the positive maintenance by residents.

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.13.663

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.17.255_references_DOI_wV939QDV03yrtj302cMcxDHUSq

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I9302147

Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (international conference proceedings)  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of a thermal environment in a substantial urban area by numerical simulation. First, we proposed a method for the gathering of spatial geometry and material data in a substantial urban area and developed a 3D CAD model, which was sufficiently accurate for the calculation of heat transmission. Then, we calculated the surface temperature for every urban block by using the numerical simulation on the assumption of a clear sky day in summer in Tokyo. Further, we ascertained the Heat Island Potential (HIP) for every urban block, which was an index of the sensible heat flow rate on all surfaces. The results indicated that the variation in HIP of 36 urban blocks were large not only in the day but also in the night. Furthermore, it was shown that every block group classified by land use type exhibited a characteristic tendency of the diurnal change in HIP, and that the varied land cover resulted in the differences in HIP in the same land use type group.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.72.97_1

DOI： 10.3130/aije.76.1009_references_DOI_Q6MHa6hfo3U646t0K0xQgVssvDl

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I8675517

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

An outdoors experiment was launched for the development of an evaporative cooling pavement system and simulation model in the previous paper (Part 1). In this paper (Part 2), the characteristics of heat and water balance on this evaporative cooling pavement were investigated with a focus on surface wet condition and water content of the pavement. This analysis was conducted using empirical data of sunny and cloudy daytime conditions throughout a year. The results from this study showed the following: (1) Surface wet condition has a large impact on the evaporation and surface temperature of the pavement. (2) There is a correlation between water content and surface wet condition. (3) There is a correlation between water content and vertical water content distribution. These results indicate that surface wet condition depends on water content of the pavement during daytime. This finding is significant and meaningful for the modeling of heat and water balance on evaporative cooling pavement systems.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.71.75_4

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This paper investigates the fundamental performance of an evaporative cooling pavement system, which we propose, during summer. As part of this empirical study, two experimental mock-ups are developed. In one mock-up, water is pooled under paving blocks so that the water can be continuously absorbed and evaporated due to the block's capillarity mechanism. In another mock-up, no water is pooled underneath the paving blocks. The effects of the evaporation rate and water content of the paving blocks on the evaporative cooling performance were examined in these two systems through the long-term outdoors experiment. The results of this experiment showed that the surface temperature of the paving blocks depends on the evaporation rate and water content of the blocks in the no water supply system. In the water supply system, the evaporation rate was high and the block surface temperature remained approximately equal to ambient air temperature. These results indicate that the water supply system maintains a high cooling effect through the Japanese hot and humid summer.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.71.51_1

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Other Link： http://www.aij.or.jp/paper/detail.html?productId=17663

Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本環境管理学会  

資料形態 : テキストデータ プレーンテキスト
コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > デジタル化資料 > 雑誌

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I7801783

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This study investigated the behavioral characteristics of both window opening and air conditioning use at a residential area having leafy canopy. Window opening and air conditioning use were measured at the living and dining rooms of each house for four months during summer. Influence factors, including the outdoor microclimate, on these behaviors were analyzed using statistics analyses, considering household differences. Analysis of variance showed that the behavioral patterns of the window opening were various among each house, whereas the air conditioning use was mainly influenced by the factors of period in the season, time zone and the outdoor air temperature, in every house. The relationships between the air temperature and these behaviors were clarified systematically. At a house, the outdoor wind environment effected on the window opening and the air conditioning use under a specific air temperature condition.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.70.87_2

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.17.211_references_DOI_CkxssFg2iP3IjVwtxGaUA08qtKH

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 建築設備綜合協会  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Japan Society of Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers  

This study quantifies the proportion of anthropogenic heat and convective heat from a building by using a numerical simulation system. The numerical simulation system consists of external heat balance simulation, building heat load simulation, air-conditioning energy simulation and anthropogenic heat simulation. As the results of the numerical simulation for a 12 story-building with an absorption refrigerator and cooling tower, it is shown that latent heat release occupies large part of the anthropogenic heat and the amount of sensible heat released by convection occupies approximately 80% of the atmospheric heat load by sensible heat. By changing the air-conditioning system to the system with an air-cooled heat pump chiller, the atmospheric heat load by sensible heat increases to 2.1 times and the sensible heat from the air-conditioning system becomes two times larger than the sensible heat by convection. .

DOI： 10.11322/tjsrae.15-28re_oa

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 建築設備綜合協会  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I025483160

Language：Japanese   Publisher：福岡 : 日本建築学会九州支部  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I025293512

Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers  

This paper quantifies whole-tree transpiration rates for urban tree species using a weighing machine. A novel weighing system was developed for measuring the whole-tree transpiration rate with a high degree of accuracy. The daily transpiration amounts of the eleven urban trees, whose heights ranged from 3 m to 7 m, varied from 10 kg to 30 kg under clear skies and water supply conditions during the summer season. The ratio of the daily transpiration amount to potential evaporation was 0.6 ± 0.3 when using the standard of crown projection area. The peak values of transpiration rates for tree species that showed large transpiration amounts were over 3 kg/h. This value is equivalent to more than 2 kW of latent heat flux.

DOI： 10.1299/jsmeted.2014._h133-1_

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本流体力学会  

コレクション : 国立国会図書館デジタルコレクション > 電子書籍・電子雑誌 > 学術機関 > 学協会

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：The Society of Heating, Air-Conditioning Sanitary Engineers of Japan  

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本建築防災協会  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I9525775

Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本建築学会  

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I9406205

Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

This study investigates indoor and outdoor microclimates in a residential area having leafy outdoor space, including tall trees, and also researches the residents' consciousness toward window opening, in order to clarify relationship between the microclimates and the residents' living-style regarding window opening and air conditioning use. The measurement results of the microclimate show that the outdoor microclimate, including shading by the tall trees and the wind environment, largely effects on the indoor climate and the thermal comfort of the space. The residents' consciousnesses toward the living environment obtained from questionnaire and interview indicate that the greenery and the comfortable microclimate in the outdoor space are the important factors that help them to open the window.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.73.115

DOI： 10.1080/00038628.2018.1510367_references_DOI_8IVcGO3efC6lI4RD5ppCtiW8pEA

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I9359028

Language：Japanese   Publisher：東京 : 日本ヒートアイランド学会事務局  

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This study clarifies relationships between residential development and the transformation of wind environment in a residential area on seaside reclaimed land. We first investigate the effects of buildings surrounding the site on the wind environment within the site, with regard to southerly summer winds, using both field measurement and CFD analysis, in order to clarify how geographic and climatic factors affect wind system formation. Next, we investigate the transformation of the wind environment as the residential development by measuring wind direction and velocity at six points within the site for a period of one year and three months. We then clarify the influences of outdoor wind environment on the natural ventilation of a house, built on the developed area, in the summer.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.72.59_1

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Numerical simulation for calculating the heat transmission between indoor and outdoor spaces was developed in order to simulate the indoor air temperature and the heat load of building considering the effects of spatial form and material in outdoor space. This method was realized by combining the heat load calculation method with the heat balance simulation on external building surfaces. Calculation method of heat transmission and way of data transfer between the two simulation models were established. Influences of error factors of the heat balance simulation on the indoor air temperature, calculated by the heat load simulation, were confirmed. The application results of the developed simulation model showed that this simulation could predict the effects of spatial shape and material in outdoor space, tree's arrangement and size, on the indoor air temperature of the adjacent house.

DOI： 10.3130/aije.69.47_3

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This study developed an environmental design tool by combining an outdoor thermal environment simulation with 3D-CAD system performed on personal computer. The outdoor thermal environment simulation applied in this development is able to predict surface temperature distribution of urban blocks taking the spatial form and materials into consideration. Pre- and Post-processing methods were developed considering actual design process. This development actualizes the input and output process using GUI function. The CAD models created by ordinary drawing process are automatically transformed into the mesh model for the calculation. Also the design parameters, inputted in the CAD model drawing process are converted to the parameters used in heat balance calculation. The output of surface temperature distribution is visually displayed onto CAD model.

DOI： 10.3130/aijt.10.195

DOI： 10.3130/aije.73.957_references_DOI_WrGDOm5gKKXikBiA9iDkXG1WkQd

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In this study, outdoor microclimates were investigated at a detached housing area with in leafy canopy in summer. And characteristics of microclimate created in the site were clarified from a viewpoint of spatial shape and constituent material of outdoor space. Relationship between thermal radiant field and spatial shape was shown within the site, including gathered trees remained in the south of the site. Wind environments on the central passage and south space of each house were grasped considering inflow from the surrounding area. And air temperature distribution in the site was grasped and effects of surface temperature and wind environment on the distribution were shown.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.68.77_1

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Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

"A Prediction Method of Thermal Radiant Environment" is expected to serve the computer aided design tool in outdoor space as supportive means. Compared with the already available prediction methods, the method herein described places greater emphasis on its ability to makes it possible to evaluate thermal radiant environments that is given to the timely prediction in design process as well as to various other factor including external materials, the buildings shape and layout, greeneries, pergola, veranda, etc. This method is developed based on existing sensible heat balance simulation for all the exterior surface. And it is also combined with 3D-CAD system that makes it easily to input the complicated exterior shape and also make it possible to evaluate the 3-D distribution of surface temperature at any view points. The proposed method was used on trial for thermal problem studies of an existing small residential area in Tokyo that is composed of five houses, many big crown trees.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.67.85_4

DOI： 10.7211/jjsrt.33.158_references_DOI_Xxxpi0m8SMsZwkqy8Cova1l3H2P

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Other Link： https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/books/R000000004-I6148627

Language：Japanese   Publisher：Architectural Institute of Japan  

In this study, characteristics and variations of Heat Island Potential (HIP) on urban blocks were examined from a viewpoint of land use and countermeasure for thermal environment in order to obtain knowledge about the influence factor on sensible heat flux from all surface of urban blocks. First, four types of land use, commercial/business, residential, industrial and main road, were selected for analysis. All surface temperature and HIP of urban block was calculated by heat balance simulation at 28 cases on clear sky day in summer. It was clarified that HIP of each model was different characteristically, and material of urban block, planting method and room temperature of building influenced largely on that. Especially, drop of HIP by tall trees planting was remarkable.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.67.63_6

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"A Coupled Simulation of Heat and Air Flow" is expected to be the computer aided design tool in outdoor space. Compared with the existing available prediction methods, this method herein described places greater emphasis on its ability to make it possible to evaluate thermal radiant environments, air temperature and wind distribution that are given to the timely prediction in design process as well as to various other factor including both variety of external materials and variety of exterior shapes. This method was developed based on sensible heat balance simulation for all the exterior surface and standard k-ε turbulent Model. And sensible heat balance simulation is also combined with 3D-CAD system that makes it easily to input the complicated exterior shape and also make it possible to evaluate the 3-D distribution of surface temperature at any view points.

DOI： 10.3130/aija.67.73_2

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