Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

The characteristic of two-phase immiscible flow in porous media is controlled by different kinds of force, such as interface surface tension (capillary force) and fluid viscosity (viscous force). Based on those two forces, three typical displacement patterns in porous media are divided, named as capillary fingering, viscous fingering and stable displacement. However, the impact of inertial force in displacement pattern, which generate due to the flow direction or velocity change of fluid, is always neglected. This research used direct numerical simulation (DNS) to study the two-phase immiscible pattern with a wide range of capillary number (Ca) and ratio of Reynolds number (Re). The Ca is a dimensionless value which represents the ratio of viscous force and capillary force. While Re represents the ratio of inertial force and viscous force. The impact of forces on displacement patterns were determined based on the quantitative analyses of the saturation distribution as functions of Ca and Re. The result shows that inertial effects have minimal influence on flow conditions at low capillary numbers. However, at high capillary numbers, capillary forces become less significant, and inertial effects strongly influence flow conditions. These findings contribute the different insight of fluid displacement patterns, controlled by balance of inertial, capillary and viscous forces, has a noticeable influence on recovery or storage efficiency in subsurface process.

DOI： 10.26855/jamc.2024.12.006

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2024.104664

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1029/2023WR034849

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125838

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jcp.2024.113292

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Haines jumps and meniscus reconfiguration are commonly observed in immiscible two-phase flows through porous media. The experiment found that the fluid-fluid interface moves rapidly during these two phenomena. This leads to hydraulic change and entropy production events, which have important implications for relative permeability of two-phase flow in porous media. However, owing to the energy-transfer process remains to be elucidated, their impact on transport of heat and mass in porous media has not yet been well predicted. By analyzing the exchange process between surface energy, kinetic energy, and viscous dissipation, this study provides a better understanding of meniscus dynamics and whether these effects are significant on a larger scale. In this study, Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) combined with level-set method was used to simulate the process of Haines jumps and meniscus reconfiguration. A governing equation combined with density-scale continuum surface force (CSF) model was derived for energy conservation, and simulations were performed considering high-density and high-viscosity ratios. The rate of surface-energy change was evaluated using CSF model. A capillary tube was designed to verify the rate of surface-energy change in simulation. Comparison of simulation and theoretical data indicates that the density-scale CSF model can satisfactorily evaluate the rate of change in surface energy. Besides, to compare energy transfer process in Haines jumps and meniscus reconfiguration, two simulation cases were designed: (I) Haines jump and meniscus reconfiguration occur individually, and (II) Haines jump and meniscus reconfiguration occur simultaneously. We investigated the energy exchange process and compared the effects of the inertial force and viscous dissipation between cases I and II. Based on the simulation results, the interface releases surface free energy to the system during the Haines jumps and meniscus reconfiguration. In the case of only Haines jumps, a portion of the released surface energy is absorbed by another fluid-fluid interface, thus reducing the surface-energy release rate in the system. This energy can be dissipated promptly, resulting in a rapid viscous-dissipation growth; but the kinetic-energy change is negligible. However, when meniscus reconfiguration occurs, released surface energy is difficult to reabsorb and cannot dissipate quickly. Thus, a significant amount of released energy is converted into kinetic energy, which is subsequently damped by the fluid. This significant kinetic-energy oscillation generates a large inertial force and spreads over a wider sphere of influence in the porous media. Energy transfer process shows a more detailed fundamental understanding of mass transfer in porous media, such as flow perturbations, entropy production and permeability in porous media, and it helps a rigorous process for upscaling models used for thermodynamic, heat and mass transfer in porous media.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2024.125749

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Authorship：Last author   Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Investigating Rayleigh–Bénard convection, its onset, and its effect on mass transfer are crucial for understanding the effective dissolution processes between carbon-dioxide (CO2)-saturated and CO2-free brines in CO2 geological storage. However, most previous investigations on the onset of convection and mass transfer properties were conducted by 2D and 3D numerical simulations. Only a few 3D experimental studies of Rayleigh–Bénard convection were reported. In this study, we proposed a non-destructive experimental approach to visualize the three-dimensional (3D) fingering structure of Rayleigh–Bénard convection using a micro-focused X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) scanner. The experimental conditions covered the Rayleigh number (Ra) range between 3400 and 23000, which also includes the Ra value of the actual condition of gas reservoir field. Results show that fingers and coalescence dynamics significantly developed upon increasing Ra. At higher Ra, the finger concentration experienced greater dilution due to the combined effects of unsteady finger motion and enhanced dispersion strength. The maximum finger extension velocity is linearly proportional to Ra. The convective mass flux (Sh) correlated with Ra by a power-law relationship. The findings in this study provide a better understanding of the influence of Ra on mass transport properties and can be used as a reference for developing the convective mass transfer model of Rayleigh–Bénard convection in 3D porous media.

DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2024.104666

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1063/5.0139528

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/min13040487

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2023

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Drying process of porous medium is of interest in engineering applications. However, pore-scale studies of wettability effects on the drying process of three-dimensional (3D) porous media remain limited. X-ray microtomography was used to investigate the wettability effects on the drying process of 3D porous medium from a pore-scale perspective. Results show higher wettability increases capillary pressure, which enhances the rearrangement of liquid from large pores to small pores. We also found that liquid clusters are unlikely to disappear for a long time confirming that higher wettability supports the flow through liquid film. This study also provides new insight that capillary flow by liquid film is associated with branch clusters. These clusters maintain the gas–liquid interfacial area that acts as the evaporation surface. As a result, drying is intensive in a water-wet porous medium with a longer constant rate period in which drying is controlled by external diffusion. In a neutral-wet porous medium, an early drop in drying rate occurs. Thus, drying is mainly a falling rate period limited by vapor diffusion through the newly emerging dried region within the medium.

DOI： 10.1016/j.icheatmasstransfer.2022.106527

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.3390/min12111386

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2022.104325

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

X-ray micro-tomography was used to comprehensively study the pore-scale drying process and characterize the liquid film region and the invasion front. Our finding reveals that the decrease in saturation is not uniform across the pore size. The capillary rearrangement, which refers to the restructuring of the liquid phase due to the capillary pressure difference, drives the liquid to flow from large pores to small pores. As a result, the decrease in liquid saturation occurs preferentially within the larger pores. A sharp decrease in liquid saturation occurred at the invasion front, where saturation ranged from 1 to around 0.15. The obtained invasion width that characterized the extent of roughness and disorder of the invasion front obeyed the scaling law of the percolation model. Therefore, this region is significantly limited by the interaction between capillary and gravity. However, with more multi-pore connected clusters observed within the porous medium, the critical exponent of the cumulative cluster size distribution obtained from the cluster region deviates from the universal power-law behavior. This result indicates the presence of liquid film within the cluster region, where the viscous force becomes comparable to the capillary force. We also found that the total gas-liquid-specific interfacial area has no effect on the drying rate. This result provides new evidence that the liquid film region is vapor saturated.

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2022.123299

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

An in-situ dual-surfactant formulation is developed by using a novel cationic surfactant adsorbing the in-situ acid components in crude oil. As a result, various oil deformation patterns are first revealed and applied to control the viscous instabilities for oil recovery application. To this end, four dynamic oil displacement tests are conducted via camera snapshotting or X-ray microtomography in two and three dimensions, without and with porous media, in single to multipore-throat structures as well as through pore-scale and macroscale visualizations. As suggested in the results, displacing the oil phase using a 20 mmol/L cationic surfactant is the most effective method to suppress interfacial instability. The preferential flow path is frequently diverted by the repeated change of oil shape at a low flow rate. By contrast, emulsification plays a key role when the flow rate is high. It depends on which is dominant between the oil deformation and shearing velocity. From a deep insight into the pore spaces, oil deformation patterns are classified into oil spreading, shrinking, splitting, film detachment, and bridge breakup. The most significant oil deformation in the tortuous pore spaces occurs after 10 min of aging. Based on this time, we propose a new injection–alternate–stop scenario to suppress the viscous fingering and maximize the oil recovery efficiency to 80% in a large-scale reservoir.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01735

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Microemulsion flooding has recently gained attention as an effective chemical-based method for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The high performance of this technique is attributed to the classical mechanism: plugging effect and divergence of preferential flow path. In this study, miscible behavior was identified as a novel mechanism by which oil recovery was controlled by dissolution process instead of capillary forces. To this end, a new type of solvent-based microemulsion phase was prepared by mixing solvent, water, and surfactant as a flooding fluid. A series of experiments with direct water flooding, microemulsion flooding, and water-alternate-emulsion flooding for EOR were carried out for strong water-wet and oil-wet artificial rock sample. X-ray microtomography was used to visualize the oil configurations in three-dimensional pore spaces. An advanced workflow image processing method was developed for the first time to capture the miscible behavior in a pore-scale view. As suggested in the results, microemulsion flooding has a miscible displacement front where the oil phase is gradually solubilized. Therefore, capillary forces can be eliminated because the emulsion-oil interface is invisible but has a compositional gradient, leading to higher oil recovery. Compared with the immiscible waterflooding process, the capillary forces remained dominant, which hinders additional oil recovery. Based on EOR scenarios, we found that emulsion flooding could effectively solubilize larger well-connected oil clusters instead of small separate ganglia or singlets. Therefore, considering the miscible behavior, emulsion flooding can be applied to secondary oil recovery regardless of the reservoirs’ wettability, or to tertiary oil recovery in weakly/strongly oil-wet reservoirs with a well-connected oil phase after waterflooding.

DOI： 10.1016/j.petrol.2022.110788

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

When viscosity and density contrast exist in the vertical miscible displacement in porous media between two fluids, the interplay between the viscous force and gravity determines the interface stability. Two stability criteria are derived to determine the interface stability. Hill's and Dumore's stability criteria are used to determine the interface stability of the sharp and diffused interface, respectively. In this study, we visualized the crossover between unstable displacement and stable displacement for a vertical displacement in porous media using microfocused x-ray computed tomography. The experiments were divided into four possible configurations: (1) unconditionally stable (gravitationally stable-viscously stable), (2) unconditionally unstable (gravitationally unstable-viscously unstable), (3) conditionally stable (gravitationally stable-viscously unstable), and (4) conditionally stable (gravitationally unstable, viscously stable). The structure of the displacement interface was visualized for the critical velocity ratio (V/Vc) in the range of 0.5–11.9. In the conditionally stable configurations 3 and 4, a crossover between stable and unstable displacements was observed. We found that Dumore's stability criterion is more appropriate for predicting interface stability than Hill's stability criterion. Viscous fingering occurs in configuration 3 when V/Vc is higher than Dumore's critical velocity, whereas gravity fingering occurs in configuration 4 when V/Vc is lower than Dumore's critical velocity. Similar events in two-dimensional experiments, such as tip-splitting, shielding, and coalescence, were also observed three-dimensionally. The significant changes in the mixing length and sweep efficiency signify the crossover between the stable and unstable displacements.

DOI： 10.1063/5.0090387

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Crude oil often contains long-chain fatty acid components. The fatty acid usually exists as a dissociative anionic surfactant in the oil phase. This study introduced a novel cationic surfactant to absorb the in situ anionic surfactant. Thus, a dual surfactant system was formed, and surfactant aggregates were produced near the water–oil interface. Due to the viscoelastic and fragile aggregates, spontaneous oil deformation and splitting were discovered as a novel mechanism for chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR). First, we used a water phase doped with stearyltrimethylammonium chloride to displace the heavy oil with palmitic acid in the Hele-Shaw cell. The fingering patterns were observed in the water flooding (WF) and chemical flooding (CF) systems under different flow rates. After that, the experiments were transferred to the wettability-altered micromodel to simulate real oil recovery applications. The Hele-Shaw cell experiments show that viscous fingering was intensive at a low flow rate whereas it was significantly suppressed at a high flow rate in the CF system. The micromodel experiments show that oil recovery is higher in the CF system than in the WF system. The spontaneous cocurrent and counter-current oil blebbing was observed in the dynamic CF process. As the blebbing developed to a certain degree, the oil phase split into tiny droplets that could easily pass through the pore spaces. Additionally, the wettability was also altered from oil-wet to water-wet. As a result, oil recovery was improved significantly. The residual oil was classified into cluster, ganglia, and singlet based on the circularity and Euler number. We found the large clusters dominated in the WF system, whereas the small size of ganglia and singlets were the main forms in the CF system. The new chemical used can be applied for large-scale industrial EOR fields due to its good performance and low cost.

DOI： 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.2c00772

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Hydrodynamic fingering induced by gel formation shares common features with growing biofilms, bacterial colonies, and the instability of a confined chemical garden. Fluid displacement with gel formation is also essential in various engineering applications, including CO2 leakage remediation from storage reservoirs and enhanced oil recovery. We conducted Hele-Shaw cell displacement experiments for a miscible fluid system using skim milk and aqueous citric acid solution. This study aimed to investigate the effects of gel film formation on the fingering instability of a miscible fluid system and develop a mathematical model of the sequential growth of gel film formation at the fingertip. We found that the gel film formation thickens with time, resulting in instability at the interface. A distinctive fingering pattern, resembling tentacles, appears where miscibility is suppressed, and the growth of the finger is localized at the fingertip. The finger width remains constant with increasing flow rate, whereas the number of fingers increases linearly before the fingers merge. The gap width significantly limits the finger width. Finally, a mathematical model of sequential film thickness growth for a bubble-like fingertip structure was developed. This model is based upon the interplay between the diffusion of citric acid through the existing gel film formation and elongation of the fingertip. The model provides an understanding of the fundamental mechanism of the growth of the bubble-like fingertip.

DOI： 10.3390/app12105043

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

Micromodels are important for studying various pore-scale phenomena in hydrogeology. However, the fabrication of a custom micromodel involves complicated steps with cost-prohibitive equipment. The direct fabrication of micromodels with a 3D printer can accelerate the fabrication steps and reduce the cost. A stereolithography (SLA) 3D printer is one of the best options because it has sufficient printing performance for micromodel fabrication and is relatively inexpensive. However, it is not without drawbacks. In this report, we explored the capability of an SLA 3D printer for micromodel fabrication. Various parameters affecting the printing results, such as the effects of geometries, dimensions, printing axis configurations, printing thickness resolutions, and pattern thicknesses were investigated using microtomography for the first time. Eventually, the most optimal printing configuration was then also discussed. In the end, a complete micromodel was printed, assembled, and used for fluid displacement experiments. As a demonstration, viscous and capillary fingerings were successfully performed using this micromodel design.

DOI： 10.3390/geosciences12050183

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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DOI： 10.1029/2020WR029353

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DOI： 10.1002/ghg.2123

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DOI： 10.1063/5.0056221

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DOI： 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147406

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DOI： 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.046

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DOI： 10.2473/journalofmmij.137.1

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Language：English   Publisher：Porous Fluids - Advances in Fluid Flow and Transport phenomena in Porous Media  

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DOI： 10.1016/j.renene.2020.03.163

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DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2020.103584

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

DOI： 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.12.026

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2019.103147

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102830

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DOI： 10.3390/fluids4030130

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.4.054502

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1103/PhysRevE.100.063110

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.09.089

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

DOI： 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.08.023

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1299/jfst.2018jfst0002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1299/jfst.2018jfst0006

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02819

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.2.103902

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DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2017.10.008

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DOI： 10.1615/HeatTransRes.2017016840

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.mri.2016.11.002

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Elsevier {BV}  

DOI： 10.1016/j.advwatres.2016.09.015

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DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2016.01.047

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DOI： 10.1016/j.ijggc.2016.08.018

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1039/c6ra10229h

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DOI： 10.1039/c6ra19024c

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DOI： 10.1007/s00348-015-1959-x

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DOI： 10.4236/jfcmv.2014.23013

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.11345/japannctam.63.0_119

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.79.2592

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.11345/japannctam.62.0.45.0

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.egypro.2013.06.475

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DOI： 10.1007/s11242-011-9899-2

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DOI： 10.1007/s11242-011-9800-3

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DOI： 10.1007/s11242-009-9439-5

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DOI： 10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2010.05.002

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1615/JPorMedia.v12.i2.40

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/htj.20213

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DOI： 10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00096-5

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/j.energy.2003.10.026

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)   Publisher：Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies  

DOI： 10.1016/B978-008044704-9/50132-4

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Language：English   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.69.286

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Language：Japanese  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/S0011-2275(03)00050-X

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/S0730-725X(03)00095-X

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DOI： 10.2514/2.6180

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DOI： 10.1002/aic.690490103

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DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.68.556

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DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.68.1052

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DOI： 10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00255-3

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DOI： 10.1002/1520-6416(20001130)133:3<26::AID-EEJ4>3.0.CO;2-L

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DOI： 10.1002/1520-6416(20001115)133:2<11::AID-EEJ2>3.0.CO;2-8

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00006-0

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Language：English   Publisher：Transfer Phenomena in Magnetohydrodynamic and Electroconducting Flows, edited by A.Alemany et al, Kluwer academic publishers  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.64.787

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6416(19970715)120:1<16::AID-EEJ3>3.0.CO;2-S

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1109/27.557480

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1109/27.533124

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DOI： 10.1115/1.2816533

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DOI： 10.1109/27.376566

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Language：Japanese   Publishing type：Doctoral thesis  

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1299/kikaib.59.2674

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Publishing type：Research paper (scientific journal)  

DOI： 10.1016/0196-8904(93)90074-K

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